OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE

RATIONALE 

TYPES OF EPSEs

ACUTE DYSTONIC REACTION

METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

LIMITATIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

An audit is a systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which a procedure conforms to set standards, regulations, policies, values or targets.

Audit helps to identify any of the following: areas of deficiency in procedures, practices that are below standard, and results that are unsatisfactory or inferior in comparison with desired goals or targets.

This audit is a clinical audit. Clinical audit is a quality improvement process that systematically reviews healthcare practices against established standards to identify areas for improvement in order to enhance patient care.

Extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs) are motor (or movement) side effects that result from the use of antipsychotic (especially typical or conventional antipsychotic) medications.

The pars compacta in the substantia nigra (located in the midbrain) contains dopamine cell bodies that send ascending projections to the dorsal striatum (especially to the caudate and putamen) and thereby modulate motor control. The extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotic drugs are thought to result from the blockade of these striatal dopamine receptors.

Acute dystonic reaction (ADR) is one of the various types of EPSEs that can occur. It usually causes dramatic symptoms that scare both the patient and their relatives.

The internet was searched for standard or validated ADR audit tool that can be used for this audit. Unfortunately, search for a standard audit tool for ADR yielded no positive result hence the conductor used evidence-based treatment options found in research materials like textbooks.